The gallbladder is an organ that is involved in digesting food. A gallbladder mucocele happens when thickened bile and mucus build up in the gallbladder. The exact cause of this condition is unknown, but it happens when the gallbladder does not appropriately empty bile. A mucocele may cause enlargement of the gallbladder and in severe cases, blockage or rupture. Gallbladder mucoceles are rarely seen in cats but are becoming more frequent in dogs. Dogs of certain breeds or with specific health problems may have an increased risk for developing a gallbladder mucocele:
Symptoms of gallbladder mucocele may be vague and resemble many other conditions. The most common signs are vomiting, decreased energy, decreased appetite, and belly pain.
If these symptoms persist for more than 12-24 hours, you should contact your primary veterinarian. They will perform a blood panel which might show an increase in liver values. Your veterinarian may recommend a specialist perform an abdominal ultrasound. Ultrasound is the best test for finding a gallbladder mucocele.
One treatment option is a medication called ursodiol, which improves bile flow. In some patients, ursodiol will prevent the gallbladder mucocele from getting worse. Patients on this treatment will require follow up blood tests and ultrasounds to ensure the therapy is working. Your veterinarian will also treat any conditions that may worsen the mucocele.
Removal of the gallbladder will cure the condition. It is the best treatment for pets with severe or worsening disease and the only treatment for a gallbladder blockage or rupture. Gallbladder removal is a common but serious surgery and should be performed by a specialist.
Medical treatment of gallbladder mucoceles might not always work and the disease may worsen over weeks to months. Patients that have their gallbladder removed usually require 2-3 days in the hospital, but this may be longer for pets with complications. Other treatments may be recommended after gallbladder removal such as antibiotics or specific liver medications. Many patients with gallbladder mucoceles that respond to medical treatment or undergo surgery will live a normal life.